Time spares no one, and as the years go by, the signs of aging begin to manifest themselves in our bodies, affecting our appearance, vitality, and overall well-being. However, in modern medicine, the quest to slow down the aging process has taken significant strides, offering many innovative solutions to help us maintain a youthful glow and vigor.
In this article, we embark on a journey through the realm of oral treatments, exploring various remarkable options specifically designed to slow down the aging process. Whether you’re looking to address fine lines and wrinkles, replenish lost collagen, boost cellular rejuvenation, or enhance overall vitality, we have you covered.
Get ready to delve into a treasure trove of knowledge as we unravel the mechanisms, benefits, and considerations behind some of the most compelling oral treatment options available today. From widely recognized medications to emerging breakthroughs, we’ll highlight both prescription and over-the-counter alternatives, ensuring a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of possibilities.
Disclaimer: It’s important to note that the information presented in this article is for educational purposes only. Before considering any oral treatment options, it is crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional to determine the suitability and safety of such interventions for your specific needs.
Metformin (RX):
- Metformin is a widely used medication primarily prescribed to manage type 2 diabetes. However, its potential anti-aging effects have gained significant attention in recent years. Metformin belongs to the class of drugs known as biguanides and works by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity in the body.
- Metformin is thought to exert its effects on aging through various cellular mechanisms. It activates an enzyme called AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates energy metabolism and cellular stress responses. By activating AMPK, metformin may influence several pathways involved in aging, including those related to mitochondrial function, inflammation, and cellular senescence.
- Numerous studies in animal models, including worms, flies, and mice, have shown that metformin can extend lifespan and improve healthspan. Metformin has been associated with improved glucose metabolism, reduced oxidative stress, enhanced mitochondrial function, and delayed age-related diseases in these studies.
- Some observational studies have suggested the potential benefits of metformin on aging-related outcomes in humans. For example, several studies have found that individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin have a lower incidence of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer compared to those treated with other diabetes medications.
- Several clinical trials are currently underway to investigate the effects of metformin on aging-related outcomes in non-diabetic individuals. For example, the TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) trial plans to evaluate whether metformin can delay the onset of age-related diseases and extend health span. Results from these trials are awaited to provide more definitive evidence on the potential anti-aging effects of metformin in humans.
- Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach upset. In rare cases, it can lead to a potentially serious condition called lactic acidosis, although this risk is low when the drug is used appropriately in individuals without contraindications.
- In studies examining metformin’s potential benefits for aging-related conditions, doses typically range from 500 mg to 2,000 mg per day.
Statins (RX)
- Statins are a class of drugs primarily used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Some studies have suggested that statins may have additional benefits beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects.
- Statins include atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Altoprev), fluvastatin (Lescol XL), rosuvastatin (Crestor), pitavastatin (Livalo), pravastatin, and simvastatin (Zocor).
- Heart disease patients have a 54% lower chance of having a heart attack while using statin.
- A mathematical modeling study led by researchers at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons suggests that statins would provide lifetime health benefits for young adults with less elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, delaying or preventing many heart attacks and strokes, and would be cost-effective, particularly for young adult men.
- The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) now believes that their benefits apply even to those with a less than 10% risk of cardiovascular events over ten years and that these benefits outweigh the risks.
- Statins have shown cancer prevention benefits. Research has shown a decreased risk of mortality in prostate cancer.
- Research suggests that statins can reduce the rate at which telomeres shorten, meaning they could be used as an anti-aging therapy. Telomeres shorten as cells divide, eventually causing them to stop dividing. Studies on animals have shown that statins can enhance lifespan by triggering specific genes associated with longevity.
- While statins are highly effective and safe for most people, they have been linked to muscle pain, digestive problems, and mental fuzziness in some people. Rarely, they may cause liver damage.
Quercetin (OTC):
- Quercetin is a flavonoid, a plant compound found in various fruits, vegetables, and grains. It is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Cellular senescence refers to a state in which cells enter a permanent growth arrest and stop dividing. Senescent cells can accumulate with age, contributing to tissue dysfunction and age-related diseases. Quercetin has been investigated for its potential to selectively eliminate senescent cells, a process known as senolytic activity. By removing senescent cells, quercetin may help promote tissue rejuvenation and delay aging-related conditions.
- Quercetin has shown promise in improving cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood pressure.
- Some studies have suggested that quercetin may have neuroprotective properties. It has been shown to protect against oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and enhance the clearance of toxic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
- Typical doses of quercetin supplements range from 500 to 1,000 mg per day.
Resveratrol (OTC):
- Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol compound found in various plants, such as grapes, berries, and peanuts. Resveratrol exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Resveratrol has been shown to activate sirtuins, a group of proteins involved in cellular health and longevity. Specifically, it activates SIRT1, which plays a role in cellular metabolism, DNA repair, and stress resistance. By activating sirtuins, resveratrol may promote cellular health and potentially slow down the aging process.
- Resveratrol has been extensively studied for its potential cardiovascular benefits. It has been shown to improve endothelial function, reduce oxidative stress, lower blood pressure, and inhibit the formation of blood clots.
- Resveratrol has been investigated for its potential neuroprotective properties. It has been shown to protect against neuronal damage, reduce inflammation in the brain, and enhance memory and cognitive function in animal studies.
- Resveratrol has been studied for its potential anti-cancer effects. It can slow cancer growth, cause cancer cell death, and prevent tumor-feeding blood vessels.
- Doses of 250 mg to 500 mg per day are most commonly used.
Fisetin (OTC):
- Fisetin is a natural flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, including strawberries, grapes, apples, and onions.
- In a Mayo Clinic study of 10 flavonoids, fisetin was the most potent senolytic. Intermittent or acute treatment of progeroid and old mice with fisetin reduced senescence markers in multiple tissues (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197652/)
- Fisetin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of inflammatory molecules and modulating signaling pathways involved in inflammation. By reducing chronic inflammation, fisetin may contribute to healthy aging.
- Fisetin has been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects and impact on cognitive function. It has been shown to improve memory and cognitive performance in animal studies. Fisetin may act by reducing inflammation in the brain, enhancing neuronal function, and promoting the growth of new brain cells.
- Doses ranging from 5 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg have been used.
Astaxanthin (OTC):
- Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring pigment that belongs to a class of compounds called carotenoids. It is found in certain microorganisms, algae, and seafood, particularly in salmon, trout, krill, and shrimp. Astaxanthin has gained attention for its potential anti-aging benefits and role as a powerful antioxidant.
- Astaxanthin is an exceptionally potent antioxidant, surpassing many other antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene in terms of its ability to neutralize free radicals. By scavenging these free radicals, astaxanthin helps protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress.
- Astaxanthin has been studied for its potential benefits in promoting skin health and reducing signs of aging. It can help improve skin elasticity, reduce wrinkles, and enhance moisture retention. Additionally, astaxanthin may protect the skin against UV-induced damage, minimizing the harmful effects of sun exposure and helping to prevent premature aging caused by sunburn and photoaging.
- Astaxanthin has been found to accumulate in the retina and has been suggested to have a protective effect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It may help reduce oxidative damage in the eye and support overall eye health, including visual acuity and accommodation.
- Astaxanthin has been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting healthy blood flow, and supporting normal blood lipid levels.
- Oxidative stress and inflammation are known to contribute to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. Astaxanthin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may help protect the brain from these detrimental effects, potentially supporting cognitive function and promoting brain health as we age.
- The dosing range is 4-12 milligrams (mg) per day.
NAD+ Boosters (OTC):
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme involved in various cellular processes, including energy metabolism and DNA repair. NAD+ levels decline with age, and boosting NAD+ levels is believed to have anti-aging effects. NAD+ boosters, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), are commercially available as dietary supplements.
- NAD is a key player in cellular energy production. It is involved in converting nutrients into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that provides energy for cellular processes. By supporting efficient energy metabolism, NAD may contribute to overall cellular health and potentially slow down the aging process.
- NAD is essential for DNA repair processes, including activating enzymes called sirtuins. Sirtuins are involved in various cellular functions, such as DNA repair, inflammation regulation, and stress response. By maintaining efficient DNA repair mechanisms and supporting sirtuin activity, NAD may help preserve cellular integrity and delay age-related cellular damage.
- NAD is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells, responsible for energy production and metabolism. NAD levels influence mitochondrial activity, and maintaining optimal NAD levels may support mitochondrial health and function. Healthy mitochondrial function is crucial for overall cellular health and can contribute to healthy aging.
- Several human clinical trials are currently underway to investigate the effects of NAD precursors on various age-related conditions and markers of aging. These studies aim to determine the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosages of NAD precursors for promoting healthy aging in humans.
- NAD precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), are typically taken in doses ranging from 100 mg to 1,000 mg per day.
Omega-3 fatty acids (OTC):
- Omega-3 fatty acids are a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for various biological functions. They are primarily found in fatty fish (such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines) and certain plant sources (such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts).
- Omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects and cardiovascular health. Combining omega-3 fatty acids with other anti-aging interventions may provide complementary benefits.
- Omega-3 fatty acids have been extensively studied for their cardiovascular benefits. They can help reduce triglyceride levels, lower blood pressure, improve arterial function, and reduce inflammation in the cardiovascular system.
- Omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with cognitive benefits, including improved memory, attention, and overall cognitive performance. They may also have neuroprotective properties and help reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Omega-3 fatty acids have shown promise in supporting joint health and reducing symptoms of arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. They may help reduce joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation, improving overall joint function and mobility.
- Omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with a reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.
- The American Heart Association recommends consuming at least 250-500 mg of the Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA (combined) daily for general health benefits.
Coenzyme Q10 (OTC):
- Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally occurring compound found in almost every cell of the body. It plays a vital role in cellular energy production and acts as a potent antioxidant.
- CoQ10 has been studied for its potential anti-aging effects, particularly in relation to cardiovascular health and mitochondrial function. Combining CoQ10 with other antioxidants or mitochondrial enhancers may be worth considering.
- CoQ10 is an essential component of the electron transport chain, a process involved in producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule in cells. CoQ10 levels tend to decline as we age, which may compromise cellular energy production. By supplementing with CoQ10, it is theorized that it may enhance energy metabolism and potentially support healthy aging.
- CoQ10 is highly concentrated in the heart muscle, where it plays a crucial role in energy production. It is involved in maintaining the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system.
- Mitochondrial function: CoQ10 is essential for the proper functioning of mitochondria, the energy powerhouses of cells. CoQ10 supplementation may support mitochondrial health and function, potentially mitigating age-related cellular damage and improving overall cellular function.
- Typical doses of CoQ10 range from 100 mg to 300 mg per day.
- In addition, the following potential interventions have attracted favorable attention:
- Low-dose Naltrexone (LDN): Naltrexone is an FDA-approved medication used in higher doses to treat opioid and alcohol dependence. However, low-dose naltrexone (typically around 1-4.5 mg) has been studied and used off-label for various conditions, including autoimmune diseases and chronic pain. Some proponents suggest that LDN may have immunomodulatory effects and potential anti-aging properties, but more research is needed to establish its efficacy and safety for these purposes.
- Anti-cancer drugs like dasatinib, navitoclax, and immunosuppressant rapamycin have also been studied for their potential anti-aging properties. However, these have much higher risks, and the benefits remain largely unknown.
Contact Kirsch Dermatology, Naples, Florida, at (239) 300-9767.
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Brandon Kirsch, MD, FAAD, is a board-certified dermatologist specializing in clinical drug development and medical innovation. He is the founder of Kirsch Dermatology in Naples, Florida and is also the Chief of Dermatology at the Naples Community Hospital.